La luna de Júpiter. Ganímedes y su aureola de agua. Tiene más agua que todos los océanos terrestres. NASA
En el Universo hay grandes masas de agua concentradas en forma de hielo o nubes de vapor. A través de poderosos lentes que multiplican el poder de la mirada, los astrónomos procuran localizar en algún planeta esta sustancia en estado líquido, que es la forma habitual que se encuentra en la Tierra y la más auspiciosa desde una perspectiva biológica. Dos hallazgos científicos en simultáneo detectaron mares subterráneos en Ganímedes y Encélado, dos lunas de nuestro sistema solar.
La sonda espacial Cassini de la NASA avistó que pequeños trozos de roca, expulsados al espacio por los géiseres de Encélado -una de las 62 lunas de Saturno – muestran signos de actividad hidrotermal. Según un estudio publicado por la revista Nature, es la primera evidencia de tal actividad fuera de la Tierra, lo que sugiere un mar cálido, rico en minerales bajo la superficie helada del satélite.
Las condiciones de profundidad bajo su corteza podrían ser similares a las que dieron lugar a la vida en la Tierra, afirman los científicos. Las mediciones sugieren un océano regional, de unos 10 km. de profundidad, bajo de una capa de hielo de 30 a 40 km. de espesor.
Mientras que el telescopio espacial Hubble captó imágenes que serían la mayor evidencia de que Ganímedes, el satélite más grande de Júpiter, esconde un océano subterráneo de agua salada con un profundidad de 100 kilómetros. Lo asombroso es que bajo su helada superficie existe una cantidad de agua superior a la de todos los océanos terrestres juntos.
La identificación de agua líquida en Ganímedes es crucial en la búsqueda de mundos habitables más allá de la Tierra. Lo llamativo es que la atmósfera del satélite natural contenga gran cantidad de oxígeno, un elemento que podría alentar la existencia de vida. Sin embargo, sería difícil comprobarlo, ya que el océano se ubica a 150 kilómetros por debajo de su la superficie.
Estos descubrimientos refuerzan la teoría de que el agua de nuestros mares no se gestó en la Tierra, sino que fue producto de cometas y meteoros que impactaron contra nuestro planeta durante el “Gran bombardeo” que se originó hace unos 4.000 millones de años, cuando Júpiter y Saturno migraron hasta sus órbitas actuales. Esto ocasionó un impulso gravitatorio que desestabilizó el orden del Sistema Solar. Lo que provocó cantidad de objetos ricos en agua y en materia orgánica empezaron a llover sobre planetas rocosos como la Tierra.
Tras 6 años de observaciones, un grupo de científicos dice tener evidencia para concluir que 4.500 millones de años atrás, Marte tuvo suficiente agua como para cubrir todo con un mar extenso pero superficial. “Marte fue húmedo durante unos 1.500 millones de años, mucho más tiempo del que fue necesario para que surgiera vida en la Tierra”, explica Gerónimo Villanueva, un ingeniero argentino de la NASA que encabezó el equipo de científicos.
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